spread sheets

ï»¿Spread Sheets

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Spread Sheets

Background

For along time bursars and account clerks have been using ledger books to store numerical data for accounting work.

Similarly, in schools teachers use mark books for entering students scores in various subjects. In each case, data is

entered manually. Incase of changes one has to cancel, rub, use whiteout or remove the paper and redo the work.

Background

For along time bursars and accounts clerks have been using ledger books to store numerical data for accounting work.

Similarly in schools teachers use mark books for entering students scores in various subjects. In each case, data is

entered manually. Incase of changes one has to cancel, rub, use whiteout or remove the paper and redo the work. This

leads to untidy, tedious and time wasting task. With the advent of electronic spreadsheets, problems associated with

data entry, modification, and manipulation has been solved. The provision of tools in electronic spreadsheet have made

it easier to perform tasks previously carried out manually.

Background

Objectives

By the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

Define a spread sheet

Describe the components of a spreadsheet

State the application areas of a spreadsheet

Create and edit a worksheet

Explain different cell data types

Apply cell referencing

Apply data management skills

Apply charting and graphing skills

Print worksheet and graph.

Introduction

Components of a Spreadsheet

Nearly every part of the spreadsheet has its own term and it is quite useful to know your spreadsheet vocabulary to

make using Excel easier. There are three basic parts of an Excel Spreadsheet: The worksheet, databases and graphs.

1. Columns – The vertical segments that you see on the spreadsheet are called columns. (P). The illustration below

shows column ‘A’. Excel uses letters to represent columns. (P)

2. Rows -(P)The horizontal segments, that run left-to-right, are referred to as rows. The illustration below shows row

1.(P)Excel uses numbers to represent rows.(P)

3. Cell – The intersection between a row and column is referred to as a cell. (P) The illustration below shows a cell.

4. Worksheet- comprises rows and columns(P)

5. Database- a container for related data contained in a worksheet(P)

6. Graph- A pictorial representation of a worksheet (P)

Excel Cells

VO2

The first cell, where column A and row 1 intersect is referred to as A1.

Here’s a picture of Cell A1:

Formatting a Cell

Drag and Drop

In excel, drag and drop is achieved by:

1. Selecting the cell(s) to be moved.

2. To select an individual cell, click that cell.

3. To select multiple contiguous cells, click and drag across the desired cells.

4. Point to and click the heavy border surrounding the cell(s).

5. The mouse pointer changes to a four-headed arrow.

6. Hold the mouse button; drag the cells to the new location

7. Drop the cells and release the mouse button.

Note: If information already exists at the new location, a dialog box will appear asking if you want to replace the

information. Respond accordingly.

Cut and Paste

When using Cut and Paste, double check formulas to ensure that cell references are properly updated.

1. Select the cell(s) to be moved HINTS: To select an individual cell, click that cell.To select multiple contiguous

cells, click and drag across the desired cells. 2. From the Edit menu, select Cut OR On the Standard toolbar, click

CUT A moving border appears around your selection.

3. Select the cell where you want the cell(s) to be pasted

4. From the Edit menu, select Paste OR On the Standard toolbar, click PASTE

Cut and Paste

When using Cut and Paste, double check formulas to ensure that cell references are properly updated.

3. Select the cell where you want the cell(s) to be pasted

4. From the Edit menu, select Paste OR On the Standard toolbar, click PASTE

Internet Worms

Internet worms will scan through all available network resources using local operating system services and scans the

Internet for unprotected machines. They attempt to connect to these machines in order to gain full access to them.

A Story

Here is another story about a Computer error linked to horrific Qantas jet plunge

October 08, 2008 10:18am

A QANTAS aircraft flying from Singapore to Perth shot up 300 feet before pitching earthward after signaling to its

pilots “irregularities” in its elevator control system.

The “ghost in the machine” malfunction which caused a mid-air drama leaving 46 people injured has puzzled air safety

investigators who cannot recall a similar incident in aviation history.

Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB) director of aviation safety investigation Julian Walsh said there was no

doubt the Airbus A 330-300, traveling at 37,000 feet, had briefly taken control of itself.

There are other numerous reported incidences due to computer errors and accidents.

Errors and accidents in computer systems may be classified as;

‘ Human errors

‘ Procedural errors

‘ Software errors

‘ Electromechanical problems

‘ Dirty data

Backup

Backup refers to making copies of data so that these additional copies may be used to restore the original after a

data loss event. These additional copies are typically called “backups.” Backups are useful primarily for two

purposes. The first is to restore a state following a disaster (called disaster recovery). The second is to restore

small numbers of files after they have been accidentally deleted or corrupted.

Functions of a Spreadsheet

Objectives

By the end of the lesson, you should be able to; (i) Utilize basic mathematical operators

(ii) Apply basic mathematical formulae

Multiplication

Hold down the Ctrl key while you press “g” (Ctrl+g).(P) The Go To dialog box appears.(P)

Type C1 in the Reference field.(P)

Press Enter(P) Excel moves to cell C1(P)

Type Multiply(P)

Press Enter.(P) Excel moves down one cell.(P)

Type 2 in cell C2.(P)

Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell(P)

Type 3 in cell C3.(P)

Press Enter(P). Excel moves down one cell(P)

Type =C2*C3 in cell C4(P)

Click the check mark on the Formula bar.(P) Excel multiplies C1 by cell C2(P) and displays the result in cell

C3(P). The formula displays on the Formula bar(P)

Introducing Basic Functions and Formulae

Spreadsheets are used to perform basic mathematical functions for example automatically adding, multiplying and

dividing. They can also be used to carry out statistical functions like finding the average, the largest and minimum

value in a set of values, counting the number of cells that contain values within a range and even determining the

rank of a number in a list by comparing its size relative to others.

A mathematical operator is the symbol or sign that represents an arithmetic operation in an Excel spreadsheet formula.

The mathematical operators used in Excel formulas are similar to the ones we use in our maths class. These are:

Subtraction – minus sign ( – ) Addition – plus sign ( + ) Division – forward slash

Multiplication – asterisk (x ) Exponentiation – caret (^ )

Definition

Multiplication – asterisk (x ) Exponentiation – caret (^ )

Addition

Type Add in cell A1.(P)

Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell.(P)

Type 1 in cell A2.(P)

Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell.(P)

Type 1 in cell A3.(P)

Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell.(P)

Type =A2+A3 in cell A4.(P)

Click the check mark on the Formula bar(P). Excel adds cell A1 to cell A2 and displays the result in cell A4.

(P)The formula displays on the Formula bar(P).

Note: Clicking the check mark on the Formula bar is similar to pressing Enter(P). Excel records your entry but does

not move to the next cell.

Subtraction

Press F5. (P)The Go To dialog box appears.

Type B1 in the Reference field.(P)

Press Enter. Excel moves to cell B1.(P)

Type Subtract.(P)

Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell.(P)

Type 6 in cell B2.(P)

Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell.(P)

Type 3 in cell B3.(P)

Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell.(P)

Type =B2-B3 in cell B4.(P)

Click the check mark on the Formula bar. (P)Excel subtracts cell B3 from cell B2 and the result displays in cell

B4.(P) The formula displays on the Formula bar.(P)

Press F5. The Go To dialog box appears.

Type B1 in the Reference field.

Press Enter. Excel moves to cell B1.

Type Subtract.

Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell.

Type 6 in cell B2.

Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell.

Type 3 in cell B3.

Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell.

Type =B2-B3 in cell B4.

Click the check mark on the Formula bar. Excel subtracts cell B3 from cell B2 and the result displays in cell

B4. The formula displays on the Formula bar.

Multiplication

1. Hold down the Ctrl key while you press (Ctrl+g). The Go To dialog box appears.

2. Type C1 in the Reference field.

3. Press Enter. Excel moves to cell C1

4. Type Multiply.

5. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell.

6. Type 2 in cell C2.

7. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell.

8. Type 3 in cell C3.

9. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell.

10. Type =C2*C3 in cell C4.

11. Click the check mark on the Formula bar. Excel multiplies C1 by cell C2 and displays the result in cell C3. The

formula displays on the Formula bar

Multiplication

1. Hold down the Ctrl key while you press (Ctrl+g). The Go To dialog box appears.

2. Type C1 in the Reference field.

3. Press Enter. Excel moves to cell C1

4. Type Multiply.

5. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell.

6. Type 2 in cell C2.

7. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell.

8. Type 3 in cell C3.

9. Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell.

10. Type =C2*C3 in cell C4.

11. Click the check mark on the Formula bar. Excel multiplies C1 by cell C2 and displays the result in cell C3. The

formula displays on the Formula bar

Division

Press F5.

Type D1 in the Reference field.

Press Enter. Excel moves to cell D1.

Type Divide.

Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell.

Type 6 in cell D2.

Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell.

Type 3 in cell D3.

Press Enter. Excel moves down one cell.

Type =D2/D3 in cell D4.

Click the check mark on the Formula bar. Excel divides cell D2 by cell D3 and displays the result in cell D4. The

formula displays on the Formula bar.

When creating formulas, you can reference cells and include numbers. All of the following formulas are valid:

=A2/B2

=A1+12-B3

=A2*B2+12

=24+53

Piracy

Computer piracy is the reproduction, distribution, and use of software without the permission of the owner of copy

right

Autosum

You can use the AutoSum button on the Home tab to automatically add a column or row of numbers.(P) 1. Select column D1

and D2 2. Press the AutoSum button. Excel selects the numbers it thinks you want to add. 2. Click the check mark on

the Formula bar or press the Enter ke. 3. Excel adds the numbers. If Excel’s guess as to which numbers you want to add

is wrong, you can select the cells you want.

Illustrating autosum

Go to cell F1.(P)

Type 3. (P)

Press Enter.(P) Excel moves down one cell.(P)

Type 3.(P)

Press Enter.(P) Excel moves down one cell.(P)

Type 3. (P)

Press Enter(P). Excel moves down one cell to cell F4.(P)

Choose the Home tab.(P)

Click the AutoSum button in the Editing group.(P) Excel selects cells F1 through F3 and enters a formula in cell

F4.(P).

Automatic calculations

By default, Microsoft Excel recalculates the worksheet as you change cell entries. This makes it easy for you to

correct mistakes and analyze a variety of scenarios.Make the changes described below and note how Microsoft Excel

automatically recalculates. 1. Move to cell A2.(P)

2. Type 2.(P)

3. Press the right arrow key. Excel changes the result in cell A4. Excel adds cell A2 to cell A3 and the new result

appears in cell A4.(P)

4. Move to cell B2.(P)

5. Type 8. (P)

6. Press the right arrow key. Excel subtracts cell B3 from cell B2 and the new result appears in cell B4.(P)

7. Move to cell C2.(P)

8. Type 4.(P)

9. Press the right arrow key. Excel multiplies cell C2 by cell C3 and the new result appears in cell C4.(P)

10. Move to cell D2.(P)

11. Type 12. (P)

12. Press the Enter key.(P) Excel divides cell D2 by cell D3 and the new result appears in cell D4.(P)

Product

A better way of using the product function is to type the numbers you are multiplying into cells on the spreadsheet

and then enter those cell references (the address of the cells) into the function. For example, if we enter the

numbers 235 and 546 into cells C1 and C2, we would write the function as:

=PRODUCT( C1:C2 )

The answer is 128,310. If the numbers ever change, you only need to change the numbers in cells C1 or C2 and the

function automatically updates the answer. For example, if you find that the number in C1 wasn’t 235 but 230, simply

type 230 in cell C1 and the function updates the answer to 128,580.

Statistical functions

Average

Example Using Excel’s AVERAGE Function:

The MAX function

Using minimum function

The MAX functiion

The MAX functiion is used to find the largest or maximum number in a given list of values.Follow the steps to

determine the maximum value for the given set of numbers using the MAX function

Enter the following data into cells C1 to C6: 114,165,178,143,130,167.(P)

Click on cell C7 – the location where the results will be displayed.(P)

Type = max( in cell C7.(P)

Drag select cells C1 to C6 with the mouse pointer.(P)

Type the closing bracket after the cell range in cell C7.(P)

Press the ENTER key on the keyboard.(P)

The answer 178 appears in cell C7.(P)

The complete function = MAX ( C1 : C6 ) appears in the formula bar.(P)

The Count Function

The count funtion is used to total the number of cells in a selected range. The COUNT function will add up the number

of cells in a selected range that contains numbers. COUNT also ignores empty cells in the selected range. If number

data is later added to an empty cell in the range, the count total is automatically updated. Follow the steps below to

determine the number of values for the given set of numbers using the COUNT function

Using the count Function

Enter the following data into cells C1 to C6: 11,12,13,14,15,16.(P)

Click on cell C7 – the location where the results will be displayed.(P)

Type =count( in cell C7.(P)

Drag select cells C1 to C6 with the mouse pointer.(P)

Type the closing bracket “)” after the cell range in cell C7.(P)

Press the ENTER key on the keyboard.(P)

The answer 6 appears in cell C7.(P)

The complete function =COUNT(C1:C6) appears in the formula bar.(P)

Note: Since dates, times, and formulas are stored as numbers in Excel, the COUNT function will include any cells

containing these types of data in the total.

Ligical functions

Objectives

Describe a logical function

Apply basic logical functions

the IF

1. Enter 35 into cell D1.(P)2. Click on cell E1 – the location where the results will be displayed.(P)3. Click on the

Formulas tab.(P) 4. Choose Logical Functions from the ribbon to open the drop down list.(P)

5. Click on IF in the list to bring up the function’s dialog box. (P) 6. On theLogical_test line in the dialog box,

click on cell D1. After this type the less than symbol and then the number 26. (P) 7. On the Value_if_true line of the

dialog box, type 100.(P) 8. On the Value_if_false line of the dialog box, type 200.(P) 9. Click OK.(P) 10. The value

200 should appear in cell E1, since the value in D1 is greater than 26.(P) 11. To change the result in cell E1, change

the number in cell D1 to 15 and press the Enter key.(P)12. The value 100 should now be present in cell E1 since the

value in D1 is now less than 26.(P)13. If you click on cell E1, the complete function = IF ( D1 26 , 100 , 200 )

appears in the formula bar above the worksheet.(P)

Using the count IF function

Enter the following data into cells E1 to E6: 114,165,178,143,130,165.(P)

Click on cell E7 – the location where the results will be displayed.(P)

Click on the Formulas tab.(P)

Choose More Functions > Statistical from the ribbon to open the function drop down list.(P)

Click on COUNTIF in the list to bring up the function’s dialog box. (P)

In the dialog box, click on the button at the end of the Range line to return to your spreadsheet.(P)

Drag select cells E1 to E6 on the spreadsheet to highlight them.(P)

Click on the button at the end of the Range line to return to the dialog box.(P)

On the Criteria line in the dialog box, type “165”.(P)

Click OK.(P)

The answer 2 should appear in cell E7 since two cells in the range contain the number 165.(P)

When you click on cell E7 the complete function = COUNTIF (E1 : E6 , 165 ) appears in the formula bar above the

worksheet(P)

SUM IF

Enter the following data into cells E1 to E6: 114,165,178,143,130,165.(P)

Enter the following data into cells F1 to F6: 10, 20, 30, 10, 20, 30.(P)

Click on cell F7 – the location where the results will be displayed.(P)

Click on the Formulas tab of the ribbon.(P)

Choose Math & Trig from the ribbon to open the function drop down list.(P)

Click on SUMIF in the list to bring up the function’s dialog box. (P)

In the dialog box, click on the Range line.(P)

Drag select cells E1 to E6 on the spreadsheet.(P)

On the Criteria line in the dialog box, type “165”.(P)

Click on the SUM Range line.(P)

Drag select cells F1 to F6 on the spreadsheet.(P)

Click OK.(P)

The answer 50 should appear in cell F7. Since the criteria of equaling 165 is met by only two cells – E2 and E6,

only their corresponding cells – F2 and F6 are summed. The sum of 20 and 30 is 50.(P)

Using the count IF function

Enter the following data into cells E1 to E6: 114,165,178,143,130,165.(P)

Click on cell E7 – the location where the results will be displayed.(P)

Click on the Formulas tab.(P)

Choose More Functions > Statistical from the ribbon to open the function drop down list.(P)

Click on COUNTIF in the list to bring up the function’s dialog box. (P)

In the dialog box, click on the button at the end of the Range line to return to your spreadsheet.(P)

Drag select cells E1 to E6 on the spreadsheet to highlight them.(P)

Click on the button at the end of the Range line to return to the dialog box.(P)

On the Criteria line in the dialog box, type “165”.(P)

Click OK.(P)

The answer 2 should appear in cell E7 since two cells in the range contain the number 165.(P)

When you click on cell E7 the complete function = COUNTIF (E1 : E6 , 165 ) appears in the formula bar above the

worksheet(P)

SUM IF

Enter the following data into cells E1 to E6: 114,165,178,143,130,165.(P)

Enter the following data into cells F1 to F6: 10, 20, 30, 10, 20, 30.(P)

Click on cell F7 – the location where the results will be displayed.(P)

Click on the Formulas tab of the ribbon.(P)

Choose Math & Trig from the ribbon to open the function drop down list.(P)

Click on SUMIF in the list to bring up the function’s dialog box. (P)

In the dialog box, click on the Range line.(P)

Drag select cells E1 to E6 on the spreadsheet.(P)

On the Criteria line in the dialog box, type “165”.(P)

Click on the SUM Range line.(P)

Drag select cells F1 to F6 on the spreadsheet.(P)

Click OK.(P)

The answer 50 should appear in cell F7. Since the criteria of equaling 165 is met by only two cells – E2 and E6,

only their corresponding cells – F2 and F6 are summed. The sum of 20 and 30 is 50.(P)

Data Management

Microsoft Excel data management tools enable you to create lists, sort and filter data to find specific information

that meets the set criteria.

Data Management

Microsoft Excel data management tools enable you to create lists, sort and filter data to find specific information

that meets the set criteria.

Sorting and

Apply sorting

Tables of Data

The basic format for storing data in an Excel database is a table. Once a table has been created, Excel’s data tools

can be used to search, sort, and filter records in the database to find specific information. An example of such a

table is as shown here.

Entering a Record (Click to Play)

Rows and records

Each individual row of data, in a database is known as a record. When entering records keep these guidelines in mind:

Leave no blank rows in the table being created. This includes NOT leaving a blank row between the column headings and

the first row of data.

A record can contain data about only one specific item.

A record must also contain ALL the data in the database about that item. There can’t be information about an item in

more than one row.

Columns and fields

While rows in an Excel database are referred to as records, the columns are known as fields. Each column needs a

heading to identify the data it contains. These headings are called field names.

Field names are used to ensure that the data for each record is entered in the same sequence.

Make sure that all the data in a column is entered using the same format. If you start entering numbers as digits

(such as 10 or 20) keep it up. Don’t change part way through and begin entering numbers as words (such as ten or

twenty). Be consistent.

Do not leave blank columns in the table.

Creating a table or database

Filtering and Adding Records

Adding Records

Sorting Data

Filtering data

Click on the drop down arrow next to the Program field name.

Click on the check box next to the Select All option to clear all check boxes.

Click on the check box next to the Business option to add a check mark to the box.

Click OK.

Only two students – G. Thompson and F. Smith should be visible since they are the only two enrolled in the business

program.

6. To show all records, click on the drop down arrow next to the Program field name.

7. Click on the Clear Filter from “Program” option.

Adding records into the database

To add additional records to your database:

Place your mouse pointer over the small dot in the bottom right hand corner of the table.

The mouse pointer will change into a two – headed arrow.

When this happens, click and hold down the right mouse button and drag the pointer down to add a blank row to the

bottom of the database.

Add the following data to this new row:

Cell – Data

A14 – ST348-255

B14 – Christopher

C14 – A.

D14 – 22

E14 – Science

Forms

A form is graphical user interface that is used to enter , edit, display and manipulate records in a table or a

database.

Data input Using Forms

Analysing the Form

Data input using forms

Click inside cell A3 of your spreadsheet

From the Excel menu bar, click on Data

From the drop down list, click Form

A form like the one below should pop up on top of your spreadsheet:

Analying the form

As you can see, the labels for the months are on the left. To the right of each month there is a text box. The numbers

currently in them are the numbers inputted on the spreadsheet.

Click the New button at the top

The text boxes go blank

Click inside the January text box and enter a new number

Enter new number for the rest of the months

When you have finished, click the New button again

NOTE When you click the new button, Excel will enter the numbers into your spreadsheet. The text boxes will be blanked

out, ready for some new data.

The form even gives you button to set up some search criteria (Find and Criteria buttons). When you want to get back

to your spreadsheet, just click the Close button.

Totals / Sub-totals function

Data can be sorted and summarized by creating sub-totals. When a list is summarized excel calculates sub-totals based

on the subsets of data and also calculates the grand total.

Charts and graghs

Objectives

By the end of the lesson, you should be able to

Identify types of charts and graphs

Select data ranges to create charts

Format charts

Introducing Charts and Graphs

A chart is an effective way of representing values using a visual presentation aid. It is a technique of displaying

data using pictures and graphical representations instead of numbers or simple words.

It works by drawing figures that would represent numbers, adding colors and shapes to the information presented

Types of charts

Excel provides for creation of the following types of charts among others.

Pie

Bar

Line

Column

Creating a Pie Chart

Data Range

Creating a Bar Chart with two Series

Definition of a spreadsheet

A spreadsheet is a computer program that manipulates and presents numerical, statistical and graphical information. A

spreadsheet is simply a grid of boxes, or cells, set up in rows and columns. Examples of common spreadsheet

application packages include: Ms Excel, Apple Numbers, Open Office, GNumeric, KSpread, Lotus 1-2-3.

Ms Excel Spreadsheet

GNumeric Spreadsheet

Components of a Spread Sheet

Nearly every part of the spreadsheet has its own defining term and it is quite useful to know your spreadsheet

vocabulary to make using Excel easier. There are three basic parts of an Excel Spreadsheet:

* Worksheet

* Databases

* Graphs

Worksheet

It comprises colums and rows as shown below.

Columns

Refer to vertical segments on the spreadsheet. The illustration below shows column A

Excel uses letters to represent columns.

Rows

The horizontal segments, that run left-to-right, are referred to as rows. The illustration below shows row one.

Excel uses numbers to represent rows.

Cell

The intersection between a row and column is referred to as a cell.The illustration below shows a cell. The first

cell, where column A and row 1 intersect is referred to as A1. Here’s a picture of Cell A1:

Database

Is a container for related data contained in a worksheet.Here is an example of a database.

Graph

Is a pictorial representation of a worksheet.

Creating a Worksheet

You can create a worksheet by entering data in the cells of the current worksheet. Alternatively, you can create a

worksheet either using the general format or from a specially preformatted spreadsheet document called a template.

Starting Microsoft Excel

Application areas of a Spreadsheet

Statistical Analysis

You can use a set of data analysis tools to develop complex statistics. Examples of some simple statistical functions

that you can carry out are average and median. You can use average to calculate the mean of a set of values and median

to determine the value in the middle of a set of values. Using statistical analysis,find the average and median of the

following values:

50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100.

The average and median of these set of values are both 75.

Accounting

Spreadsheets provide inbuilt functions that make accounting easier. You can use spreadsheets to do the following:

* Prepare functions

* Calculate profits

* Track the value of assets over time.

An accountant can use formulae such as sum, average, and product, to make his/her work easier.

Data Management

You can arrange your data into a tabular structure in different ways. You can key in related data on the same

worksheet and you can also link data on different worksheets to enhance accessibility.

Data management functions include sorting, filtering and using forms to enter and view records.

You can create, edit, save, retrieve and print worksheet data and records.

Forecasting

Worksheets provide the automatic recalculation feature that enables the use of ‘what if’ analysis technique.This

involves changing the value of one of the arguments in a formula to see the effect the change would make on the

calculation. For example, calculating profits at various sales of different kilograms of tomatoes from your school

garden. Thus, if one kilogram of tomatoes sells for KSHs. 80, then 2kilograms will sell for KSHs. 160.

Creating a Worksheet

Using Operators

Mathematical Functions

A function is a preset formula in Excel. unlike formulas, functions begin with the equal sign ( = ) followed by the

function’s name and its arguments. The function name tells Excel what calculation to perform. The arguments are

contained inside round brackets.

For example, the most used function in Excel is the SUM function, which is used to add together the data in selected

cells. To add data in cells D1 and D6, the SUM function is written as = SUM (D1: D6)

Addition Function

Division Function

Autosum Function

Automatic calculation Function

Using the IF Function

Using the Count IF Function

Using the Sum IF Function

Spreadsheets

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KCSE ONLINE

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KCSE ONLINE WEBSITE provide KCSE, KCPE and MOCK Past Papers which play a great role in studentsï¿½ performance in the

KCSE examination.

Choosing the KCSE mock examination revision material saves you a lot of time spent during revision for KCSE. It is

also cost effective

Ask for clarification if in doubt, vitae dignissim est posuere id.

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Candidates who would want their papers remarked should request for the same within a month after release of the

results. Those who will miss out on their results are advised to check with their respective school heads and not with

the examination council

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